INSCAPE: THE PAUL BUTTERFIELD BLUES BAND
Game-Changer
My interest back then was in the Black blues players, especially those in and around Chicago, not just because Chicago was relatively close to Ann Arbor, but because the electrified blues was what I most resonated with. Of course there were White blues players that came along, folks like me, learning to play Black music, but I had little to no interest in their music because, of course, for the most part it was derivative. We all were in the same choir. One exception was the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, not just because it was racially mixed, but because of the caliber of the players, all of them. As a harmonica player myself, of course I tended to focus on Paul Butterfield, but also on Michael Bloomfield, if only because he took an interest in us. How amazing was that!
Paul Butterfield grew up in Chicago's Hyde Park, and according to his brother Peter:
"There was a lot of music around. Hyde Park, a place unique in Chicago because it was an island in the Southside ghetto, and a bastion of liberal politics. When we grew up there was a crime problem -- mostly due to scattered groups of Puerto Ricans and poor white trash -- but no one made a connection to the black community as a source of crime. We grew up about half a block from something called the International Houses and you would see people from all over the world in the immediate area. "
Butterfield was culturally sophisticated. His father was a well-known attorney in the Hyde Park area, and his mother was an artist -- a painter. Butterfield took music lessons (flute) from an early age and by the time he reached high school, was studying with the first-chair flautist of the Chicago Symphony. He was exposed to both classical music and jazz from an early age. Butterfield ran track in high school and was offered a running scholarship to Brown University, which he had to refuse after a serious knee injury. From that point onward, he turned toward the music scene around him. He began learning the guitar and harmonica.
He met the singer Nick Gravanites and started hanging around outside of the Chicago blues clubs, listening. He and Gravanites began to play together at various campuses -- Ann Arbor, University of Wisconsin, and the University of Chicago. His parents sent him off to the University of Illinois, but he would put in a short academic week, return home early (but not check in) and instead play and hang out at the blues clubs. Soon, he was doing this six or seven days a week with no school at all. When this was discovered by his parents, he then dropped out of college and turned to music full-time.
Butterfield practiced long hours by himself -- just playing all the time. His brother Peter writes "He listened to records, and he went places, but he also spent an awful lot of time, by himself, playing. He'd play outdoors. There's a place called "The Point" in Hyde Park, a promontory of land that sticks out into Lake Michigan, and I can remember him out there for hours playing. He was just playing all the time ... It was a very solitary effort. It was all internal, like he had a particular sound he wanted to get and he just worked to get it. "
In the meantime, Elvin Bishop had come from Oklahoma to the University of Illinois on a scholarship and had discovered the various blues venues for himself. Elvin remembers "One day I was walking around the neighborhood and I saw a guy sitting on a porch drinking a quart of beer -- white people that were interested in blues were very few and far between at that time. But this guy was singing some blues and singing it good. It was Butterfield. We gravitated together real quick and started playing parties around the neighborhood, you know, just acoustic. He was playing more guitar than harp when I first met him. But in about six months, he became serious about the harp. And he seemed to get about as good as he ever got in that six months. He was just a natural genius. And this was in 1960 or 1961."
Butterfield and Bishop began going down to the clubs, sitting in, and playing with all the great black blues players -- then in their prime. Players like Otis Rush, Magic Sam, Howlin' Wolf, Junior Wells, Little Walter, and especially, Muddy Waters. They often were the only whites there, but were soon accepted because of their sincerity, their sheer ability, and the protection of players like Muddy Waters, who befriended them.
An important event in the history of introducing blues to white America came in 1963 when Big John's, a club located on Chicago's White North Side invited Butterfield to bring his band there and play on a regular basis. He said "sure," and Butterfield and Bishop set about putting such a band together. They pulled Jerome Arnold (bass) and Sam Lay (drums) from Howlin' Wolf's band (with whom they had worked for the past six years!), by offering them more money. Butterfield and Bishop (the core team), Arnold, and Lay were all about the same age, and these four became the Butterfield Blues Band. They had been around for a long time and knew the Chicago blues scene and its repertoire cold. This new racially-mixed band opened at Big John's, was very successful, and made a first great step to opening up the blues scene to white America.
When the new group thought about making an album, they looked around for a lead guitarist. Michael Bloomfield, who was known to Butterfield from his appearances at Big Johns, joined the band early in 1965. Bloomfield, somewhat cool at first to Butterfield's commanding manner, warmed to the group as Butterfield warmed to his guitar playing. It took a while for Bloomfield to fit in, but by the Summer of that year, the band was cookin'. Mark Naftalin, another music student, joined the band as the first album was being recorded, in fact while they were actually in the studio creating that first album on Electra. He sat in (playing the Hammond Organ for the first time!) and noodled around with one of his own tunes, "Thank You Mr. Poobah." Butterfield liked the sound. They recorded that tune with Naftalin that very day along with eight of the 11 other tracks on the first album. After the recording session, Paul invited Naftalin to join the band and go on the road with them. These six, then, became the Paul Butterfield Blues Band.
The first two Butterfield Blues albums are essential from an historical perspective. While East-West, the second album, with its Eastern influence and extended solos (See my inscape of Michael Bloomfield) set the tone for psychedelic rockers, it was that incredible first album that put the music scene on alert to what was coming.
Although it has been perhaps over-emphasized in recent years, it is important to point out that the release of The Paul Butterfield Blues Band on Electra in 1965 had a huge effect on the white music culture of the time. Used to hearing blues covered by groups like the Rolling Stones, that first album had an enormous impact on young (and primarily white) rock players. Here is no deferential imitation of black music by whites, but a racially-mixed hard-driving blues album that, in a word, rocked. It was a signal to white players to stop making respectful tributes to black music, and just play it with their hearts, as best they could. In a flash the image of blues as old-time music was gone. Modern Chicago style urban blues was out of the closet and introduced to mainstream white audiences, who loved it.
Mystery Train
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrFm2T87nJk
Born in Chicago
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-xh-Ot12Yc
I Got a Mind to Give Up Living
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WBgv9AzaDQ
Perhaps the next major event in the Butterfield band came when drummer Sam Lay became ill, late in 1965. Jazz drummer Billy Davenport was called in and soon became a permanent member of the group. Davenport was to become a key element in the development of the second Butterfield Blues Band album, East/West. In particular the extended solo of the same name. Here is the now legendary "East-West."
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YaV-S5ivX3E
I was on the scene for a lot of the Butterfield gigs that I could get to. My brother Daniel and I recorded an early version of East-West" by the Butterfield Band. We were in Chicago and sitting behind a curtain at a gig where they were playing this tune with a reel-to-reel tape recorder. Years later, our recording was released on a CD "The Paul Butterfield Blues Band – East-West Live" by Mark Naftalin, the Butterfield band's keyboard player.
Fueled by Bloomfield's infatuation with Eastern music and Indian ragas at the time and aided by Davenport's jazz-driven sophistication on drums, their arose in the group a new music form that was to greatly effect rock music -- the extended solo. There is little question that here is the root of psychedlic (acid) rock -- a genuine fusion between East and West.
Those first two albums served as a wakeup call to an entire generation of white would-be blues musicians. Speaking as one who was on the scene, that first Butterfield album stopped us in our tracks and we were never the same afterward. It changed our lives. I have heard live most of the great Black blues artists, and interviewed many of them. Of course, they were perfection. That being said, there was an excitement about hearing the Butterfield ban in person that is hard to describe, but it electrified all of the folks I knew, especially me. Here another couple of tunes from that second Butterfield album.
Work Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xO2JAA47Mgk
Walkin' Blues
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9dkse6R3Tg
The third album (released in 1967), "The Butterfield Blues Band; The Resurrection of Pigboy Crabshaw" is the last album that preserves any of the pure blues direction of the original group. Adding a horn section did nothing to improve the original sense of pureness in those first two albums. By this time, Bloomfield has left to create his own group, "The Electric Flag" and, with the addition of a horn section, the band is drifting more toward an R&B. sound. Mark Naftalin left the group soon after this album and the Butterfield band took on other forms.
"One More Heartache"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHMryjUnu58
Aside from these first three albums, later Butterfield material somehow misses the mark. He never lost his ferocity or integrity, but the synergy of that first group was special. There has been some discussion in the literature about the personal transformation of Butterfield as his various bands developed. It is said that he went from being a self-centered band leader (shouting orders to his crew a' la Howlin' Wolf) to a more democratic style of leadership, providing his group with musical freedom (like Muddy Waters). For what it's worth, IMO it is clear that the best music is in those first two (maybe three) albums. Subsequent albums, although also interesting, have not gotten as much attention then or now from reviewers.
When I knew Butterfield (during the first three albums), he was always intense, somewhat remote, and even, on occasion, downright unfriendly. Although not much interested in other people, he was a compelling musician and a great harp player. Michael Bloomfield and Mark Naftalin, also great players, were just the opposite -- always interested in the other guy. They went out of their way to inquire about you, even if you were a nobody. Naftalin continued for years to support blues projects and festivals in the San Francisco Bay area.
After Bloomfield and Naftalin left the group, Butterfield more and more spun off on his own. The next two albums, "In My Own Dream" (1968) and "Keep on Moving" (1969) moved still farther away from the blues roots until in 1972, Butterfield dissolved the group, forming the group "Better Days." This new group recorded two albums, Paul Butterfield's "Better Days" and "It All Comes Back."
After that, Butterfield faded into the general rock scene, with an occasional appearance here and there, as in the documentary "The Last Waltz" (1976) -- a farewell concert from "The Band." The albums "Put It in Your Ear" (1976) and "North/South" (1981) were attempts to make a comeback, but both failed. Paul Butterfield died of a drug-related heart failure in 1987.
Even to this day, Butterfield remains one of the only white harmonica players to develop his own style (another is William Clarke) -- one respected by black players. Butterfield has no real imitators. Like most Chicago-style amplified harmonica players, Butterfield played the instrument like a horn -- a trumpet. He tended to play single notes rather than bursts of chords. Butterfield was left-handed and played the Marine Band harmonicas upside-down and backward. His harp playing is always intense, understated, concise, and serious -- only Big Walter Horton has a better sense of note selection, which is saying something. I have listened to all of the major harp players, and in great detail. Butterfield's taste was impeccable.
The effect of the Butterfield Blues Band on aspiring White blues musicians was enormous and the impact of the band on live audiences was stunning. The albums do not reflect that actuality of that band in person. Butterfield the performer was always intense, serious, and definitive -- no doubt about this guy. Blues purists sometimes like to quibble about Butterfields voice and singing style, but the moment he picked up a harmonica, that was it. He is one of the finest harp players (period).
Butterfield and the six members of the original Paul Butterfield Blues Band made a huge contribution to modern music, turning a whole generation of white music lovers onto the blues as something other than a quaint piece of music history. The musical repercussions of the second Butterfield album, East/West continue to echo through the music scene even today!
I would like to thank Blues Access magazine for permission to use the quotes by Peter Butterfield and Elvin Bishop from the excellent article by Tom Ellis.
Mystery Train
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrFm2T87nJk
Born in Chicago
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-xh-Ot12Yc
I Got a Mind to Give Up Living
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WBgv9AzaDQ
Work Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xO2JAA47Mgk
Walkin' Blues
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9dkse6R3Tg